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articles on history
This is an article about the ninth Tokugawa shogun, the period of his reign, the activities of his closest advisers, and the problems of governing Japan in the mid-18th century.
This is an article about the eighth Tokugawa shogun and his Kyōhō Reforms, which were aimed at strengthening the shogunate’s finances, developing agriculture, and improving the efficiency of government administration.
This is an article about the fifth Tokugawa shogun, known for his reforms, patronage of Confucianism, and famous laws protecting animals.
This is an article about the fourth Tokugawa shogun, his reign during the stabilization of the shogunate, and the gradual transition from military rule toward a more administrative system of government.
This is an article about the third Tokugawa shogun, under whom the authority of the shogunate was significantly strengthened, the system of control over the daimyo was reinforced, and the policy of restricting Japan’s contacts with the outside world was firmly established.
This is an article about the last major ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, his struggle against the Mongol armies of Genghis Khan, and his attempts to restore the state after the Mongol conquest.
This is an article about the Crimean khan known for his military abilities and literary talent, as well as his campaigns against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian state, and other enemies of the Ottoman Empire.
This is an article about the reign of Islam II Giray, his dependence on the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate’s participation in regional conflicts, and internal dynastic struggles.
