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articles on history
Сaliph who ruled briefly and was in conflict with his mother Khayzurān and his brother Hārūn
Сaliph whose reign was marked by stability and administrative development of the Abbasid Caliphate
Сaliph who consolidated Abbasid power and founded Baghdad as the imperial capital
The founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, who destroyed Umayyad rule
The last Umayyad caliph, defeated by the Abbasids
Caliph whose scandalous rule accelerated the fall of the Umayyads
Caliph who organized the unsuccessful siege of Constantinople
The last strong Umayyad ruler, during whose reign the gradual decline of the dynasty began
