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articles on history
А caliph renowned as a just reformer who curtailed aristocratic privileges and strengthened social justice
The caliph under whom the Umayyad Caliphate reached its greatest territorial extent, from Spain to India
Restored the Umayyad dynasty after the crisis of the Second Fitna
Аn Umayyad caliph during whose reign the tragedy of Karbala occurred, deepening the split between Sunnis and Shiʿites
The second civil war in the history of the caliphate, which arose after the death of Muʿawiya and ended with the restoration of Umayyad rule
The first civil conflict in the Islamic world, which led to the death of Ali and the schism of the Muslim community
The founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, who transformed the caliphate into a hereditary monarchy
The cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad; his reign took place amid civil war
