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articles on history
This is an article about the last Byzantine emperor, who led the defense of Constantinople and died during its capture by the Ottomans in 1453.
This is an article about the penultimate Byzantine emperor, his attempts to unite the Orthodox and Catholic Churches in order to obtain Western assistance against the Ottomans.
This is an article about the Byzantine emperor and diplomat who attempted to obtain assistance from European states against the Ottoman threat.
This is an article about the Byzantine emperor whose long and intermittent reign was accompanied by civil wars and the rapid rise of the Ottoman state.
This is an article about the 14th-century Byzantine emperor, his struggle for the throne, military campaigns, and attempts to strengthen the weakened empire.
This is an article about the Byzantine emperor’s long reign, which was accompanied by financial difficulties, military defeats, and the strengthening of Turkish states in Asia Minor.
This is an article about the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty, who recaptured Constantinople in 1261 and restored the Byzantine Empire after the period of the Latin Empire.
This is an article about the Byzantine emperor who overthrew his brother Isaac II and ruled during a period of rapid Byzantine decline on the eve of the Fourth Crusade.
